ACI Special Publication, SP129-03, pp. 18CTAP-C129746-02, Land & Transport Technology Promotion Research Program) funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea. The flexion-extension cycle stiffness was not different between the two groups until 4000 . 1 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:19990806144131) /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 3.02 for Power Macintosh) /Creator (Microsoft Word: LaserWriter 8 8.6) /Author (Ives) /Title (Microsoft Word - axial_8.doc) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 5659 >> stream !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8 *<7/_O91IC*<7/_O0\R%+1M?=Z6m1*5nsEe!$27D!$;5%!%%^m!$;5$!-88D!$;5! Second, using the above knee loading, we introduced a possible paradigm shift in ACL research by demonstrating that the human ACL can fail by a sudden rupture in response to repeated sub-maximal knee loading. *'"# of Architectural Engineering, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 16890, South Korea, School of Civil Engineering at Shandong Jianzhu Univ. !WEM!1NtZ!5S[F!>kh[ Axial loading is top-down loading meaning the weight during the lift is moving vertically instead of horizontally. London: British Standards Institute. $)n9MI8gk And as you get older, it'll be wise to reduce the amount of axial loading you perform in the gym. )Tj ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 5 0 R /F4 7 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Halftone /HalftoneType 1 /HalftoneName (Default) /Frequency 60 /Angle 45 /SpotFunction /Round >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /OP false /HT /Default >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 726 /CapHeight 718 /Descent 0 /Flags 4 /FontBBox [-222 -210 1000 913] /FontName /DFJOLC+ArialMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /XHeight 515 /FontFile2 51 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Filter /ASCII85Decode /Length 9220 /Length1 7544 >> stream https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0312-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0312-1. !42ag!VZYE!e(3#"3(I5s$?\q!/1E8!5ANN!6"rs!?(tl!D`_s!\"1h!hKL7! !$\@s2r:HRbRA BT /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 214.081 695.537 Tm 0 g BX /GS1 gs EX 0 Tc 0.0003 Tw (First, we will do summation of forces:)Tj /F7 1 Tf 12.009 0 0 12 242.771 680.417 Tm 4.2796 Tc [(FV)1221.3(V)]TJ 7.005 0 0 7 248.713 677.417 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (y)Tj /F9 1 Tf 18.014 0 0 18 228.072 677.698 Tm (\345)Tj 12.009 0 0 12 286.304 680.417 Tm 1.6567 Tc [(-=)679.7(\336)500.5(=)]TJ /F3 1 Tf -2.5911 0 TD 0 Tc [(:)-99.6(1000)-968.6(2)-1755.2(0)-3161.5(500)]TJ ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 110.688 646.609 m 120.095 646.609 l 158.595 646.609 m 174.595 646.609 l 235.282 646.609 m 251.282 646.609 l 289.938 646.609 m 327.97 646.609 l 366.626 646.609 m 432.407 646.609 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 12 0 2.64 11.985 91.095 643.519 Tm (t)Tj 5.8007 -0.763 TD 5.9516 Tc (ttt)Tj 12 0 0 11.985 100.751 643.519 Tm 1.8599 Tc [(=)549.5(\336)714.1(=\336)-1134.9(=\336)701.1(=)-1835.9(\336)701.1(=)-4182.2(=)-1372.4(\273)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 0.8698 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (V)Tj 0.0912 -1.3906 TD (A)Tj 2.1875 0.763 TD (A)Tj 1.9896 0.6276 TD (V)Tj 2.474 -0.6276 TD 1.0055 Tc (WC)Tj 3.9167 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (V)Tj 2.4766 -0.6276 TD (C)Tj 2.9948 0.6276 TD (V)Tj -1.1849 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 4.5807 0.763 TD 13.6559 Tc [(Ci)13655.9(n)]TJ 7 0 0 6.991 165.251 631.347 Tm 0 Tc [(all)-9899.3(all)-9899.3(all)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 5.0089 1.3125 TD (1)Tj 14.0625 -1.308 TD (1)Tj 12 0 0 11.985 390.47 651.041 Tm (500)Tj -2.013 -1.3906 TD [(1)-250(815)-700.5(11610)]TJ 6.5937 0.763 TD [(0)-250(0237)-1020.7(0)-250(025)]TJ -19.9271 0 TD (*)Tj 8.2031 -0.763 TD 5.1302 Tc [(*. Both normal and shear stresses)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0 Tw (must be considered. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. From recently published (1992). /?fdT=99ED=Y20t<3R!&>Zt5h)^-A-/M++=6X3_%YQQ8V"=46\A0YVnA@MjM;-:%* The traditional explanation of obesity-induced OA is that the added axial load on the joints accelerates normal joint "wear and tear" that occurs with aging. When your CNS is constantly bombarded with more stressors, your hormonal systems are taxed as well. [C,VYQ.L%YQ8083\M=% This load is parallel to the surface of the object, i.e., it is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the object, and also the axial load, if any. Here's how, plus 6 exercises to try out. 4!>Gi)nH.P!N5u+.p9(b,=8UD,=8UI6WglN5qPAA\c`!9!! )Tj -6.0807 0.6276 TD 0 Tc [(1)-250(7)0(5)-942.7(0)-250(7511)]TJ 2.4714 -1.3906 TD (2)Tj 5.9505 0.763 TD [(0)-250(080)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.3542 0 TD 0.0001 Tw (, then use the area found to find the deformation)Tj -16.5 -1.88 TD 0 Tw (of that section. )Tj -13.88 -2.3 TD 0 Tw (For this case,)Tj ET 0.5 w 228.768 385.249 m 274.574 385.249 l 324.69 385.249 m 369.808 385.249 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11.998 0 2.64 11.985 183.463 382.159 Tm (s)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.999 0 0 6.991 191.899 379.132 Tm (trial)Tj 11.998 0 0 11.985 218.364 382.159 Tm (K)Tj 2.9609 0.6276 TD (P)Tj -2.0443 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 15.4089 0.763 TD (psi)Tj /F9 1 Tf -17.1667 0 TD (=)Tj 2.9948 -0.763 TD (-)Tj 2.8125 0.763 TD (=)Tj 4.8151 -0.763 TD (-)Tj 3.1224 0.763 TD (=)Tj /F3 1 Tf -11.0026 0.6276 TD (16)Tj 1.013 -1.3906 TD 0.25 Tc [(02)250(5)]TJ 2.8516 0.763 TD 0 Tc [(2)-250(422)]TJ 3.0703 0.6276 TD [(16)-729.1(1000)]TJ 0.3125 -1.3906 TD 0.8932 Tc [(10)643.2(2)893.2(5)]TJ 4.5521 0.763 TD 0 Tc (51700)Tj 6.999 0 0 6.991 237.58 370.018 Tm (1)Tj 11.998 0 0 11.985 259.326 373.015 Tm (. !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8 Skokie: Portland Cement Association. @C<92r+u-3?h>>)J1EYS'$*a' !l"d\Z=G$i5mmb+!6PQI!$;9J!9jah!$;9>!29`!5\_B+-::? =Lf8t4!>QS!N6,$!"1;[YRi$GYRr*H!%W/6F*.I"7;5.YBgbC(7! Examples include back squat, cleans, deadlifts, and overhead presses. Viest, I. M., Elstner, R. C., & Hognestad, E. (1955). (=W8JNYQ.X)YQH2U"!tJW^c8k(^c3:;"!tJW^c5J"=]lmk )Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD 0.0002 Tw (Last, add all the sections together. )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -3.36 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0007 Tw (Shear Stress)Tj /F4 1 Tf 0 -1.4 TD 0 Tc 0.0002 Tw (Now we must turn our attention to the shear stress associated with the weld of the)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0.0001 Tw (bracket. By using this website, you agree to our F = maWhere m is the mass of the load, and a is its acceleration. And as you get older, it'll be wise to reduce the amount of axial loading you perform in the gym. !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8 ?+@/=\Gu";]o=IYoF`P We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A non-osteoporotic adult presented with multilevel compression fractures at the apex of the thoracic kyphosis after strenuous rope jumping. !!!-.!!E9A!,qo?!!!-.!!WEC!/s<88l&,J.m\2i@;JY;6q0dE9LCkD!)3Gm!)`f. :9c1!/LWA!Fu=G!0.%8!IOn1!2]gh""=Ck"tBfl!QbCW !-/'-!(Hr\!)ESg!(-`:!'pU*!,2FA!,MX0!)rqd!(Hr\!)ESg!(-`:! Introduction. The whole impact process was simulated and the time history of the impact load was obtained. (2014). \(1997\). !,MX0!)rqd!(Hr\!)ESg!(-`:!'pU*!,2FA!,MX0!)rpu!!*'"!:g+l!!`L#! 5ZCi.6a-Pi=KhiQ\Gs? The increase rate of lateral strain was faster than that of axial strain after 80 percent of the ultimate load. *)Tj 3.6797 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (*)Tj 1.1328 -1.3906 TD (. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, ACI 318-14. Park, R., & Paulay, T. (1975). Along with the axial load, a radial load also acts on an object, and the combination of these two loads is known as combined load. )Tj /F2 1 Tf -0.68 -3.4 TD 0.0002 Tc (Example)Tj 12 0 2.551 12 131.281 581.537 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 134.641 581.537 Tm (AD1)Tj /F4 1 Tf -3.72 -27.38 TD (Design the A-36 steel hanging bracket so that it will carry a load of 1000 lb and not)Tj 0 -1.14 TD 0.0002 Tw (generate significant stresses in the transition from region of load application to location)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0.0001 Tw (of the 1/4 inch diameter hole. )Tj 0 -2.32 TD 0 Tc (Pilkey, Walter D. \(1997\). Now, the force created by the load can be calculated as. 1.2) and a deformed length of L , after axial loading is applied. 2003; Masuoka et al. :U+-p"=jSt!87P4!=&b$!8@V` Plus, the older you get, the less tolerant your body becomes to explosive exercises such as squats, cleans, deadlifts, and overhead presses. !LWu5!RLl2!^Qle!c%l+")%dV"2+h("@<5i"EO]u"bm2=#3c%grl"f`rqHFJs+UMN ;HUI0,malG=]nD-"9DFD>Ze7P,Xk,+ Depression is expected to become the leading cause of disabilities worldwide with about 20% of the population suffering from a mood disorder at least once in a lifetime (Kessler et al., 2005; de Graaf et al., 2012).Even more alarmingly, depression is characterized by high relapse rates, which increase steeply with every subsequent depressive episode, even following psychotherapy . =g/HFBE:.G!! !!!)!!Jgf*!OMnR"aC55!]pEX! #k_3#EK+u#Lj#e!4DmF!4;g9zzz!T4'2"%<="!0.+:";q9d!mUct!+,_:"&/h] If you're unfamiliar with the term axial loading, the concept is simple. Chapter 2 Axial Loaded Members 2.1 Introduction Axial loaded member : structural components subjected only to tension or compression, such as trusses, connecting rods, columns, etc. The difference in the rate of increase of the reverse torque during the torque reversal may be an even bigger factor, as it directly relates to the strain rate in the raceway as the rollers impact. If that load is repeated often enough over a short time interval, the failure tended to occur proximally, as observed clinically. Mechanical loads are associated with casing hanging weight, shock loads during running, packer loads during production and workovers, and hanger loads. Tip: Mobilize Ankle Joints With End Range Oscillations. YQZ$A9!'Dha+KtlT!>$A9! *9/L!4i.G!>tk$!.P!&"4I7* Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The axial shortenings of eccentrically loaded columns were the almost same as that of the concentrically loaded column. Jae-Yo Kim. JYK: Performing Experiments, Analyzing Experimental Results, and Revising the Manuscript. No motivation? !GDIM!.=j%!-/$i!-n`M"O[\!#P^I !BW=g/A\6EgtF6Eh(i Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)right to your inbox. Google Scholar. 1-csuFtu<0A83kb+Co4B5UKZA1-csc?SXkn:K0)7+AYrl\,r82,UXZm:MTtR5n=$@ Springer Nature. ACI Committee 318. +@WM(G%cb%?plRt!O3">6R+s0$8!e/YmLk+,=;hj/-)mj,B0mg(Hql((F*n(!Z+9d )Tj 3 -2.32 TD 0.0001 Tw (You may encounter a member with several loads applied throughout the length, or)Tj -3 -1.14 TD 0.0003 Tw (one that has several different materials or cross sectional areas. "$) Journal information: ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315. )Tj -20.4231 -2.32 TD (Peterson, Rudolph Earl \(1974\). However, if the nonuniformity is)Tj 0 -1.16 TD (abrupt then the stress changes sharply forming a stress concentration. )3505.2(*)]TJ 12.224 0.763 TD 3.5208 Tc (..)Tj /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 604.817 Tm 0 Tc 0.0002 Tw (For a nominal value we will choose 1/32 or 0.03125. )-1804.7(\))]TJ 9.1771 0.763 TD 0 Tc (. To systematically study the influence of axial- and lateral-strain-controlled loadings on the strength and post-peak deformation behaviors of brittle rocks, four types of rocks (marble, sandstone, granite, and basalt) are tested under uniaxial and triaxial compressions, using a brittle hard rock testing system named Stiffman with high loading system stiffness. Repetitive axial spinal loading affects the disc height (Gooyers et al. As an example, consider one of the large wheels used to drive an aerial lift such as a ski lift.The wire cable wrapped around the wheel exerts a downward force on the wheel and the drive shaft supporting the wheel. [.Uh To find the)Tj -25.24 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tw (depth, c, we will apply the shear stress formulas. ('hp!Xf>J6Wd_8+^%,I&9'h;&jod3 They're big, compound movements that improve bone density, total body strength, muscle mass, and give you the most "bang for your buck" in the gym which is exactly what you want if you're the aging meathead because the more time you spend in the gym, the greater risk you have of overtraining (1). )Tj 0 -2.34 TD (FBD:)Tj ET 144.241 194.657 m 144.961 194.657 l 145.201 180.257 l 145.201 179.537 l 144.481 179.537 l 144.241 193.937 l f 140.881 180.737 m 144.721 172.817 l 148.561 180.737 l 140.881 180.737 l f* 0.72 w 162.121 362.657 m 162.121 347.777 l S 165.841 361.937 m 162.001 369.857 l 158.161 361.937 l 165.841 361.937 l f* 126.121 362.657 m 126.121 347.777 l S 129.841 361.937 m 126.001 369.857 l 122.161 361.937 l 129.841 361.937 l f* 1 g 133.681 194.657 20.88 157.68 re f 133.321 352.697 21.6 -158.4 re S 90.001 338.417 28.8 21.6 re f BT 12 0 0 12 97.201 345.857 Tm 0 g 0 Tw (V)Tj ET 1 g 126.001 144.017 50.4 21.6 re f BT 12 0 0 12 133.201 151.457 Tm 0 g (1000)Tj ET endstream endobj 40 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 6 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 8 0 R /F7 9 0 R /F9 11 0 R /F10 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Length 6599 >> stream Findings: The occurrence of facet fractures was found to be higher (P=0.028) in the axial torque group (7/9), compared to the no axial torque group (2/9). )Tj /F13 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.75 0 TD (Third, the area below the fillet. !!!!WBP:sc%D;q/!!!EA!!!!EBPhj9&ReK9!!!Ee!!!,BCi!!<3$!!!t2!!! Construction sequence analysis of the flat plate system in a high-rise building and its impact on the construction cycle. Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5)Tj 6.96 0 0 6.96 469.042 557.777 Tm (th)Tj 12 0 0 12 474.481 552.737 Tm 0 Tw ( ed.,)Tj -32.04 -1.16 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0003 Tw (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. units, they are usually given to the closest meter:)Tj 0 -1.16 TD 0 Tw (centimeter, millimeter, etc. The)Tj -5.185 -1.16 TD (solution is to apply an iterative approach as shown in the design of the upper section of)Tj 0 -1.14 TD (the bracket of example AD1. )Tj ET 0.5 w 159.001 373.191 m 223.72 373.191 l S BT /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 92.532 370.097 Tm 1.027 Tc [(AW)143.9(T)-7310.2(T)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0.8438 0 TD 2.8442 Tc (==)Tj 6.599 0.6276 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (+)Tj -2.4167 -0.1536 TD (\346)Tj 0 -1.0651 TD (\350)Tj 5.9323 1.0651 TD (\366)Tj 0 -1.0651 TD (\370)Tj 2.1719 0.5911 TD (=)Tj /F3 1 Tf -10.4297 0 TD (*)Tj 3.3125 0.6276 TD 2.4427 Tc (..)Tj 5.5807 -0.6276 TD 2.3411 Tc (*. 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d BX /GS1 gs EX 1 i 131.876 706.129 m 141.157 706.129 l 177.782 706.129 m 234.907 706.129 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 12 0 2.64 11.985 91.063 703.039 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (s)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7 0 0 6.991 99.657 700.012 Tm (all)Tj 12 0 0 11.985 121.47 703.039 Tm (K)Tj 0.9714 0.6276 TD (P)Tj 0.0234 -1.3906 TD 3.1364 Tc (AW)Tj 13.4714 0.763 TD 4.0238 Tc [(Wi)4023.8(n)]TJ /F9 1 Tf -15.3073 0 TD 2.214 Tc [(==)-5049.5(=)-757.8(\336)617.7(=)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 3.4818 0 TD 0.25 Tc (13)Tj 3.3906 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (1000)Tj 0.651 -1.3906 TD [(0)-250(0625)]TJ 3.8516 0.763 TD [(27692)-3609.3(0)-250(7511)]TJ 7 0 0 6.991 187.157 690.898 Tm (2)Tj 16.6696 1.308 TD (2)Tj 12 0 0 11.985 159.157 703.039 Tm 0.6172 Tc (. A factor of safety F.S. )Tj 3 -3.46 TD 0.0001 Tw (K values for a circular hole centered in an axially loaded plate can be calculated)Tj -3 -1.16 TD 0.0003 Tw (using the formula \(Roark and Young \(1989\)\))Tj 8.32 -1.92 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj ET 0.499 w 263.907 422.113 m 276.596 422.113 l 325.196 422.113 m 337.885 422.113 l 395.986 422.113 m 408.675 422.113 l S BT /F7 1 Tf 12.001 0 0 11.97 195.118 419.027 Tm (K)Tj 6.3151 0.6276 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 5.6146 1.3906 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj 6.4062 1.3906 TD (r)Tj -0.5078 -1.3906 TD (W)Tj /F9 1 Tf -15.8307 0.763 TD 0.9067 Tc [(=-)-3138.1(+)]TJ 9.3438 0.4661 TD 0 Tc (\346)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\350)Tj 1.5964 1.0495 TD (\366)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\370)Tj 1.1146 0.5833 TD (-)Tj 3.1875 0.4661 TD (\346)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\350)Tj 1.5964 1.0495 TD (\366)Tj 0 -1.0495 TD (\370)Tj /F3 1 Tf -16.0521 0.5833 TD 0.9115 Tc [(33)661.5(1)911.5(3)]TJ 4.0182 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 1.9896 -0.6276 TD 0.25 Tc [(36)250(6)]TJ 3.1172 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 2.8177 -0.6276 TD 0.25 Tc [(15)250(3)]TJ 3.0807 0.6276 TD 0 Tc (2)Tj 7.001 0 0 6.982 344.386 432.712 Tm 9.5982 Tc (23)Tj 12.001 0 0 11.97 239.279 419.027 Tm 0 Tc [(.)-1117.2(*)-2729.2(.)-1153.6(*)-4031.2(. F = The force generated by the axial load. The ratio of lateral strain to axial strain was more than 0.5, even closes to 1. Repetitive axial spinal loading affects the disc height (Gooyers et al. Mechanics of Materials, 3)Tj 6.96 0 0 6.96 329.281 682.577 Tm (rd)Tj 12 0 0 12 335.079 677.537 Tm 0.0003 Tw ( ed., Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. If the nonuniformity is gradual, then the change in stress is)Tj 0 -1.14 TD 0.0002 Tw (smooth and a stress concentration may not occur. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&afW!!!!#!!*'"!!!!5!!<3$!!!$!%IsN!!!-.!!3-1!(Hqj!!!-.!!<3@! !iQU Also check graph of K values. Simultaneous reversal of the axial load due to the helical gearing causes surface traction and additional stress at the inner-raceway subsurface . Usual nominal dimensions in U.S. This is approximately 42% of the yield stress for compression/tension. Although the shaft, wheel, and cable move, the force remains nearly . 2012; Dimitriadis et al. New York: Wiley. )Tj ET 1 g 133.681 162.737 321.84 193.68 re f 0.004 w 134.161 355.817 320.88 -192.48 re S 0.753 g 161.521 339.617 278.16 -145.44 re f* 0.005 w 161.521 215.295 m 439.685 215.295 l 161.521 235.455 m 439.685 235.455 l 161.521 256.815 m 439.685 256.815 l 161.521 276.975 m 439.685 276.975 l 161.521 298.335 m 439.685 298.335 l 161.521 318.495 m 439.685 318.495 l 161.521 339.615 m 439.685 339.615 l S 0.502 G 1.2 w 161.521 339.017 m 440.641 339.017 l S 0.96 w 440.161 339.617 m 440.161 192.977 l S 1.2 w 161.521 193.577 m 440.641 193.577 l S 0.96 w 162.001 339.617 m 162.001 192.977 l S 0 G 0.004 w 161.523 339.617 m 161.523 194.172 l S 0.005 w 159.601 194.175 m 161.525 194.175 l 159.601 215.295 m 161.525 215.295 l 159.601 235.455 m 161.525 235.455 l 159.601 256.815 m 161.525 256.815 l 159.601 276.975 m 161.525 276.975 l 159.601 298.335 m 161.525 298.335 l 159.601 318.495 m 161.525 318.495 l 159.601 339.615 m 161.525 339.615 l 161.521 194.175 m 439.685 194.175 l S 0.004 w 161.523 194.177 m 161.523 191.772 l 201.603 194.177 m 201.603 191.772 l 240.723 194.177 m 240.723 191.772 l 280.563 194.177 m 280.563 191.772 l 320.643 194.177 m 320.643 191.772 l 360.723 194.177 m 360.723 191.772 l 399.603 194.177 m 399.603 191.772 l 439.683 194.177 m 439.683 191.772 l S 0 0 0.502 rg 161.521 318.497 m 162.481 318.497 l 166.561 317.297 l 166.561 316.097 l 165.601 316.097 l 161.521 317.297 l f 165.601 317.297 m 166.561 317.297 l 170.641 316.097 l 170.641 314.897 l 169.681 314.897 l 165.601 316.097 l f 169.681 316.097 m 170.641 316.097 l 174.481 315.137 l 174.481 313.937 l 173.521 313.937 l 169.681 314.897 l f 173.521 315.137 m 174.481 315.137 l 178.561 313.937 l 178.561 312.737 l 177.601 312.737 l 173.521 313.937 l f 177.601 313.937 m 178.561 313.937 l 182.641 312.737 l 182.641 311.537 l 181.681 311.537 l 177.601 312.737 l f 181.681 312.737 m 182.641 312.737 l 186.481 311.777 l 186.481 310.577 l 185.521 310.577 l 181.681 311.537 l f 185.521 311.777 m 186.481 311.777 l 190.561 310.577 l 190.561 309.377 l 189.601 309.377 l 185.521 310.577 l f 189.601 310.577 m 190.561 310.577 l 194.641 309.377 l 194.641 308.177 l 193.681 308.177 l 189.601 309.377 l f 193.681 309.377 m 194.641 309.377 l 198.481 308.417 l 198.481 307.217 l 197.521 307.217 l 193.681 308.177 l f 197.521 308.417 m 198.481 308.417 l 202.561 307.217 l 202.561 306.017 l 201.601 306.017 l 197.521 307.217 l f 201.601 307.217 m 202.561 307.217 l 206.641 306.017 l 206.641 304.817 l 205.681 304.817 l 201.601 306.017 l f 205.681 306.017 m 206.641 306.017 l 210.481 305.057 l 210.481 303.857 l 209.521 303.857 l 205.681 304.817 l f 209.521 305.057 m 210.481 305.057 l 214.561 303.857 l 214.561 302.657 l 213.601 302.657 l 209.521 303.857 l f 0 0 0.502 RG 1.2 w 213.601 303.257 m 218.641 303.257 l S 217.681 303.857 m 218.641 303.857 l 222.481 302.657 l 222.481 301.457 l 221.521 301.457 l 217.681 302.657 l f 221.521 302.657 m 222.481 302.657 l 226.561 301.697 l 226.561 300.497 l 225.601 300.497 l 221.521 301.457 l 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0 Tc (K)Tj ET Q 266.881 138.017 85.68 20.88 re f 266.521 159.257 86.4 -21.6 re S BT /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 274.081 144.737 Tm 0 g 0 Tc (2r/W)Tj ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 6 0 R /F4 7 0 R /F6 8 0 R /F7 9 0 R /F9 11 0 R /F10 12 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R >> >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 34972 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 709.217 Tm 0 g BX /GS1 gs EX 0 Tc 0.0003 Tw (nominal stress )Tj /F10 1 Tf 6 0 TD 0 Tw (s)Tj /F4 1 Tf 6.96 0 0 6.96 169.237 706.817 Tm (nom)Tj 12 0 0 12 181.681 709.217 Tm 0.0002 Tw (, which occurs in the same section, by a stress concentration factor K.)Tj -7.64 -1.2 TD (In general the definitions are:)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 251.876 677.809 m 274.438 677.809 l 334.47 677.809 m 367.157 677.809 l S BT /F7 1 Tf 12 0 0 11.985 230.157 674.719 Tm 0 Tw (K)Tj 9.7734 0.6276 TD (P)Tj -0.9531 -1.3906 TD (A)Tj 7 0 0 6.991 260.532 662.578 Tm (nom)Tj 6.8214 1.308 TD (nom)Tj 4.8929 -1.3125 TD (reduced)Tj /F9 1 Tf 12 0 0 11.985 241.938 674.719 Tm 6.3338 Tc (==)Tj 12 0 2.64 11.985 251.938 682.24 Tm 0 Tc (s)Tj 0.3111 -1.3906 TD (s)Tj 3.8113 0.763 TD (s)Tj /F3 1 Tf 7 0 0 6.991 260.563 679.244 Tm (max)Tj 12 0 0 11.985 276.438 674.719 Tm [( and )-5782.5( \(5\))]TJ /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 90.001 594.497 Tm 0.0002 Tw (For common geometries K is tabulated in references. !+u:S!,MXD Prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete structures, ACI 209R-92 (p. 47). The predicted long-term lateral displacements agreed reasonably with the test results. *)Tj 2.8802 -0.763 TD 0.6615 Tc (*. )Tj -1.5 -2.34 TD 0 Tw (Lower Section)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -2.2 TD (FBD:)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.72 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 302.521 176.657 m 302.521 147.377 l S 298.561 148.337 m 302.401 140.417 l 306.241 148.337 l 298.561 148.337 l f* 306.121 284.657 m 306.121 255.377 l S 309.841 283.937 m 306.001 291.857 l 302.161 283.937 l 309.841 283.937 l f* 1 g 263.281 176.897 78.48 64.08 re f 262.921 241.337 79.2 -64.8 re S 262.801 241.457 m 264.721 242.417 l 266.881 243.377 l 268.321 244.337 l 269.041 244.577 l 269.761 244.337 l 270.721 242.897 l 271.201 240.737 l 271.441 239.777 l 271.681 239.057 l 271.681 238.337 l 273.121 239.297 l 274.081 239.777 l 274.561 240.257 l 275.041 240.497 l 275.041 240.737 l 274.801 240.257 l 274.321 239.777 l 274.321 238.817 l 274.561 238.337 l 274.801 238.097 l 275.761 237.617 l 276.721 237.377 l 277.441 237.617 l 278.401 238.097 l 279.121 238.817 l 279.841 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