It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. The Kurds are a famous example of a stateless nation; their territory is called "Kurdistan.". The Tibetan nation ruled a powerful empire from the 600s-800s AD. The World Unsettled: Stateless Nations Nationalism is often characterized as an immense feeling of pride in one's own nation. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. More than half live in Jordan, with a third living in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and 15 percent in Syria and Lebanon. It also cited food Civic nationalism is. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. Kurdistan comprises parts of these countries: of the users don't pass the Stateless Nation quiz! But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 3. Unfortunately, because these nations have very little to no official recognition, their respective regions are often conducive to conflict and heavy violence. RWE is Europe's largest CO 2 emitter, with reported CO 2 emissions of 148 million tons in 2016, an amount almost 3 times as high as Norway's total annual greenhouse gas emissions. The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government. Most are found only in their respective countries. Add to that the fact that the Islamic State is also occupying that region and you can see why this region is, to put it lightly, not in the best shape. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). Learn more about our school licenses here. In essence, nationalism is belonging. The Kurdish population has been estimated at between 20 and 40 million people who are united by language and customs, rather than religion (most are Muslim, though.) It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. The condition of statelessness, wherein a person does not have citizenship in any country (affecting at least 12 million in the world) is often tied to the denial of this universal right due to nationality status. I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Minor Human Rights Violations. In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? Croatia is one such example in Europe; Tibet is a famous case in Asia. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. Palestinians have a long-running conflict with Israel and have also lived as refugees in countries such as Jordan and Egypt. After Saddam was deposed, Iraqi Kurds negotiated the creation of a semi-autonomous region called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), home to around 5 million Kurds. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Twentieth Century Middle East to 1945, Part 4. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person. Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. The Treaty of Westphalia in 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. This one is a bit tricky. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". Another . (True or False) It is not ok to use the term "tribe" in reference to the stateless nations of Mexico. 5. National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Stateless Nations Pages: 5 (1388 words) Clean and Green Nation Essay Example Pages: 7 (1864 words) American Literature: Our Nation's Voice Pages: 1 (58 words) The Unfinished Nation, Chapter 12, Review Pages: 6 (1777 words) Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation Pages: 11 (3041 words) A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. As such, the term expresses irredentism. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p. Devine.[8]. The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations. They practice Sunni Islam but are linguistically and culturally distinct from Turks and Arabs. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. htm). There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Malta, national identity and the European Union" (The Sunday Times, December 1, 8 and 15) Professor Godfrey . Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. One example of a multistate nation is the Kurds. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as an exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. In 1947, the United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine (an area of about 2,400 square miles or 6,215 square kilometers) into a Jewish state (which became Israel) and an Arab state. It is too narrow and specific of a concept with not enough to discuss to comprise a question or a part of a question. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. Witness the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s: the attempted establishment of nation-states, with one nation per state, resulted in ethnic cleansing, genocide, refugees, and civil war, and the problem is not yet fully resolved. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. Part 4. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. In total, there are more than 10 million people that are denied a nationality; however, the UNHCR made an announcement that they hope to end statelessness by 2024. Some 10,000 to 20,000 live in Italy without Italian citizenship. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ with European and global views on national identity. The Kurds are the largest stateless nation. What is an example of a stateless nation? The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony). Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. The Donbas republics of Luhansk and Donetsk are ethnic Russian states that effectively seceded from Ukraine in 2014 but are only recognized by Russia, Syria, and North Korea as of 2022. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. Fig. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the 21st Century. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. These often differ from cultural boundaries. Thus there exists in all the stateless nations feelings of identity that can be qualified as contradictory. They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. What countries have stateless people? The history books your country uses tell lies about you. [15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. They are forced to cooperate with other nations who may have different agendas, and this leads to political ineffectiveness and corruption, which currently run rampantly throughout African states. A nationless state or a stateless nation. 10 The breakdown is as . The rest are multinational states: their territorial boundaries contain the territories of more than one ethnic nation. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Trans-border stateless nations face many challenges. This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. True. In terms of rights entitlements, the rights envisaged for stateless persons are nearly identical to those provided to refugees, but lower than had been proposed by the ILC. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in, The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea, Unincorporated territory of the United States, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation', "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens", "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement", "EFA brings stateless nations even closer", The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association", "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer", "Interactivo: Creencias y prcticas religiosas en Espaa", "Eurominority La solidarit avec le peuple palestinien", "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo Cronaca L'Unione Sarda.it", "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula", " 2000 : , , , ", "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which?